小升初英语基础语法知识:形容词(一)
1. 形容词的位置:代名形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词
再细分如下:
1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)+2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)+3序数(first, second...)+4基数(one, two...)+5性质、状态(kind, fine, good...)+6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)+7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)+8颜色(red, blue...)+9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)+10材料(iron, brick, stone...)+11名词、动名词(boy, house...)
2. some和any的用法:
(1)两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个;任何一个; 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些;有些。
〔2)一般的用法:some用于肯定句;any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
〔3)特殊的用法:
(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some。
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
(B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。
Come any day you like.
(4)some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词。
Some of them are my students.〔代名词)
Is your mother any better?(副词)
3. many和much的用法:
〔1)many修饰复数可数名词,表许多; much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn't been much good weather recently.
(2)many a:
many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
(4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)
(5)many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词;另外much也可用副词。
Many of them were very tired.
I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词)
He is much taller than I. (副词〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法:
(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a) little用在不可数名词之前。
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味。
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的数量形容词:
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(复数名词)
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可数名词)
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量), 修饰不可数名词。
The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
(3) a number of "许多;一些";a great (large, good) number of "许多",修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用。
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
(the number of +复数名词←→单数动词)
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(复数可数名词)
(4) enough的用法:
(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。
There are enough chairs. (可数)
There is enough furniture. (不可数)
(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后。
We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one, two...) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词
(6) the rest of "其余的", 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词。
The rest of the students are absent. (复数可数名词)
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词)
注:the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用。
6. 不可名词量的表示语:
(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念。其公式为:
数词+单位词+of+不可数名词
(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。
(A) 物质名词:
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B) 抽象名词
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然现象:
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7. 名词种类的表示语:kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don't like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比较下列用法:(加*表非正式用法)
I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. (置名词后更强调种类)
I like roses of these kinds.(置名词后更强调种类)
8. 数词:
(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals):one, two, three...
(A) 除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词。
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B) hundred的后面须加and(但可以省略)。
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals):first, second, third...
(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等,则是another的意思。
(B) 日期多用序数。
It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).
(C) 序数的简体。
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分数:
(A) 分数的表示法:第一,分子用基数,分母用序数。第二,分子大于2时,分母须加"s"以形成复数。
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B) 分数可接与不可数名词;所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用。
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍数词:常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。
(A) half a, a half, half the +名词,表(一半的)。
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B) half还可作名词,代名词及副词。
Two halves make a whole. (名词)
This is half as much again as that. (副词)
(C) 倍数常用的表达法:
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) +定冠词或所有形容词+名词或所有代名词
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. "数词+名词"结合而成的形容词:
(1) 数词+名词=形容词
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三强会议);
(2) 数词+名词+形容词=形容词
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注:上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式。
(3) 名词(无冠词)+基数=the +序数+名词
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致。〕
(4) "数词+复数名词"作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词。
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各种数字的读法:
(1) 年号的读法:
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 电话号码;货币的读法:
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小数点的读法:
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
(4) 算术式的读法:
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
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